Hello my dear friends,

I have published a new book in Amazon Kindle. The name of the book is "The Swansong: The true story of a strangely talented jungle lover". This is the story of a multi talented boy who couldn't bear the weight of expectations and simply succumbed to the pressure. Ultimately he became a desperate man who was good for nothing. At first sight, he looks like a man who is completely irresponsible, but when you look deeper into his mindset, you can identify the problems within his body and mind. One can understand the fact that he was made to be such a useless person just by the way he was brought up. This serves as a lesson for the parents all over the world who considers their children as super humans and load them with expectations. The book is available for purchase in Amazon kindle store. 

Hello my dear friends,

I have published a new book in Amazon Kindle. The name of the book is "The Swansong: The true story of a strangely talented jungle lover". This is the story of a multi talented boy who couldn't bear the weight of expectations and simply succumbed to the pressure. Ultimately he became a desperate man who was good for nothing. At first sight, he looks like a man who is completely irresponsible, but when you look deeper into his mindset, you can identify the problems within his body and mind. One can understand the fact that he was made to be such a useless person just by the way he was brought up. This serves as a lesson for the parents all over the world who considers their children as super humans and load them with expectations. The book is available for purchase in Amazon kindle store. 

The Toothed Cetaceans and Their Current Situation

Order cetacean, which is the largest order of marine mammals, has two suborders, one is mysteceti, which is the order of baleen whales and another one is odontoceti, which is the suborder containing toothed whales. This suborder also includes dolphins and porpoises. There are several differences between baleen whales and toothed whales. The most important among them, as the name itself indicates, toothed whales have teeth whereas baleen whales have baleens, which help them to filter feed krill’s and other small organisms. Toothed whales are usually smaller compared to baleen whales, even though sperm whale and baird’s beaked whale are exceptions. In toothed whales, males are always larger than females, whereas it is opposite in case of baleen whales. Toothed whales have only one blowhole whereas baleen whales have two blowholes.

Let us take a look at the general taxonomy of toothed whales in brief. There are about 65 species of toothed whales in total, including oceanic and river dolphins and porpoises. I am not going to mention all of them here, but mention a few important ones among them and their specialty. This suborder contains nine families. They are:

1)      Physeteridae: Sperm whale

2)      Kogiidae: Dwarf sperm whale and pygmy sperm whale

3)      Lipotidae: Baiji or Chinese River Dolphin

4)      Pontoporiidae: La Plata Dolphin

5)      Iniidae: Amazon River Dolphin

6)      Platanistidae: Gangetic Dolphin

7)      Monodontidae: Narwhal and Beluga whale

8)      Phocoenidae: Porpoises

9)      Delphinidae: Oceanic Dolphins

10)  Ziphiidae: Beaked whales

Among these nine families, Physeteridae, Iniidae (Even though its status as being monotypic family is a subject of discussion today because of the status of Bolivian River Dolphin, which will be discussed later), Lipotidae, Platanistidae and Pontoporiidae are monotypic families (Families containing a single extant species). Other five families contain different number of species. Delphinidae is the largest family of odontoceti, consisting of 38 species. More than half of the toothed whales come under this family. Common bottlenose Dolphin and killer whales (Orcas) are the best examples for the members of this family.

·         Sperm whale (Physeter catodon or Physeter macrocephalus): Sperm whales are the largest species of toothed whales. They are the only members of family Physeteridae. Males are about 50-60 feet long and can weigh up to 55 tons. Females are usually smaller, about 35-40 feet in length and weigh only half as much as males. The largest known male specimen reached a length of 67 feet and weighed more than 60 tons. Sperm whales are named after the white jelly like substance named spermaceti which is present in their huge square shaped head, which is about one third of their body length. This liquid was mistaken to be sperm in earlier days and hence this animal got its name ‘sperm whale’.

·         Killer whales (Orcinus orca): Also called orcas, killer whales actually belong to oceanic dolphin family Delphinidae and subfamily Orcininae. Even though genetically they are dolphins, they are called whales because of their large size. An adult male can reach a length of 30 feet. They are highly sociable and always move in groups containing a dozen or more whales. Their black and white appearance makes them one of the most beautiful cetaceans. They are predatory animals and they feed on seals, sea lions, dugongs, manatees and other large cetaceans. A group of killer whales sufficient in number can attack even very large whales like blue whales and fin whales also! More than half of blue whales observed near Antarctic region had scars of killer whale attacks on their bodies.

·         Narwhals (Monodon monoceros): Narwhals are members of family Monodontidae and subfamily Monodontinae. They are famous for their single tusk which protrudes from their mouth. This tusk is present only in males and it helps them while fighting for females. Even though males have a single tusk, there are some cases where they had two tusks. Two tusked males, even though less in number compared to single tusked ones, are not too rare. These whales grow to a length of 13-18 feet and weigh around 800-1600 kg (males) and 11-14 feet and 500-1000 kg in weight. Tusks of males, even though have a formidable appearance with a length exceeding 9-10 feet, are hollow and weigh only 8-10 kg.

·         Beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas): Beluga whales are also called white whales, because of their beautiful milky white appearance. They belong to family Monodontidae, subfamily Delphinapterinae. They are about the same size of narwhals. Difference is that they don’t have tusk and are pure white in color, contrary to bluish black color of narwhals.

·         Baiji or Chinese river Dolphin (Lipotes vexillifer) : Baiji, which is the only member of family Lipotidae, is an example of how human interruption with nature can destroy a large animal and lead it to complete extinction. Since 2006, no individual was sighted in any part of china and it has been declared as functionally extinct. Extinction of this wonderful Dolphin is a result of excessive fishing, hydro electricity generation and other human activities in rivers. In august 2007, a Chinese man reported that he saw a very large white animal swimming in a river, but his video was too blurred to identify that animal.

·         Gangetic river dolphin (Platenista gangetica) : There are two subspecies of Gangetic river Dolphins, namely Gangetic river Dolphins (Platenista gangetica gangetica) and Indus River Dolphins (Platenista gangetica minor). They belong to family Platanistidae. These are the only dolphins which are found in Indian rivers. They are also called blind river dolphins, because their eyes are almost vestigial and they are covered by a membrane of skin. They are also called south Asian river dolphins.

·         Amazon River Dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) : This Dolphin is found in Amazon, world’s largest river. They belong to family Iniidae. There are two recognized subspecies, namely Amazon River Dolphin (Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis)  and Bolivian River Dolphin (Inia geoffrensis boliviensis), but today they are being treated as two separate species. Even though it is so, some taxonomists still consider Bolivian River Dolphin as a subspecies of Amazon River Dolphin.

·         Pilot whales: There are two species of pilot whales, which belong to family Delphinidae, subfamily Orcininae and genus Globicephala. Long finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) and short finned pilot wahle (Globicephala macrorhyncus) are almost similar in their appearance except their fins, which are long and short respectively, as the name itself indicates. Adults can grow 3.5-6.5 meters long and can weigh about 1-4 tons.

·         Porpoises: Porpoises are members of family Phocoenidae. They are very small in size and range from 5-8 feet in length and weigh between 30-200 kg. They are the smallest group of cetaceans. Even though they look similar to dolphins, they are distinguished from Dolphins by their shorter and flattened beaks and teeth which are spade shaped, which are different from conical teeth of dolphins. Word ‘porpoise’ actually means ‘small dolphin’. There are six species of porpoises in three genera.

Unfortunately, none of these wonderful creatures are safe today. They are being killed by man for several reasons. Whether knowingly or unknowingly, we are all being responsible for the destruction of these animals by our various activities. Baiji is an example only and it is not the first and surely will not be the last animal to pay for the greed of human beings. Let us save at least the remaining species with care and let our younger generation also see these animals and admire wonders of nature!

Hyena: The Perfect Scavengers Provided by Nature

Hyenas are a group of carnivorous animals which belong to the order carnivora, suborder feliformia and family hyaenidae. Even though they look like dogs in their external appearance, they are believed to be more closely related to cats than dogs and are placed in the suborder feliformia (cat- like carnivores). The family contains four species in three genera, three of which are restricted to Africa and striped hyena is found in India.

Hyenas are primarily scavenging animals, but the spotted hyenas, which are in fact the largest species of hyena, get nearly 95% of the food that they eat by hunting. Small animals like gazelle, Impala, Topi, unguarded calves of large animals like giraffes, wildebeests, kudus, cape buffaloes and elands can also fall prey to them. The bite of striped hyenas is the strongest known bite in the entire mammalian class. They are capable of eating virtually everything, right from the bones, horns, hooves and other hard parts of an animal that the lions and leopards can’t eat.

The largest species of hyena is the spotted hyena of Africa (Crocuta crocuta). They live in clans consisting of a very large number of animals and hence they are capable of driving leopards and in some cases even lions away from their kills. Even though a lion is a formidable opponent for a single hyena, when there is a clan of a large number of hyenas, the lions usually retreat, and the powerful bite of a hyena means that if it can get grip on the throat, it can kill even the mightiest of the lions. Hence the spotted hyenas are the most dreaded carnivores of Africa.

Unlike most of the other land mammals, the females are usually slightly larger than males. The average weight for males is about 67 kg and that of the females is about 70 kg. Spotted hyenas are known to kill and eat humans, even though such incidents are very rare. There are several authentic records of spotted hyenas having attacked and killed human beings. Because of their large size and clanning behavior, they can be formidable antagonists for human beings. The largest recorded specimens weighed 81 kg and 90 kg (male and female respectively). But there might be some special circumstances which lead them to attacking human beings. Otherwise they are shy creatures which run away at the first sight of a man.

Brown hyenas (Hyaena brunnea) are the second largest species of hyena. They weigh around 40-45 kg and females are usually 5 kg lighter than the males. Unlike their spotted counterparts, they are very poor hunters and most of their food comes from scavenging. In Kalahari Desert, they have been known to have driven away the adult leopards from their kills. The leopards avoid conflicts with hyenas, because they are intelligent enough to climb the trees to escape the wrath of these dreaded carnivores.

Striped hyena (Hyaena hyena) is the third largest member of family hyaenidae. This is the sole hyena species found in India. The diet of spotted hyenas mainly consists of the leftovers of the kills of tigers and panthers. They are extremely shy creatures and don’t show the courage which is shown by their spotted cousins. There are reports of them having attacked human beings, but never did they turn out to be confirmed man eaters like the spotted ones. They are solitary animals and hence can’t get the better of leopards and other large carnivores. Even though some people say that they are capable of driving away even tigers from their kills, I am highly doubtful about this claim, because a hyena which weighs just over 40 kg is nothing compared to a full grown huge male royal Bengal tiger, which weighs over 250 kg. The tiger can rip apart a single hyena in just a few minutes.

Aardwolf (Proteles cristata) is the smallest member of the hyena family. Their striped body gives them resemblance to striped hyenas, but they belong to the subfamily protelinae. Their body looks more level than the other three members of the family, because their forelimbs and hind limbs are approximately of the same length, whereas the aforesaid three members, which belong to the subfamily hyaeninae, have unusually longer forelimbs, giving them a humpback appearance.

No matter whatever may be the size and behavior of the four different species of hyenas, one thing is sure. That is all the four species are endangered today due to various human activities. So it’s our duty to ensure that the natural scavengers that the Mother Nature has blessed us with!!

Tuatara: The Strangest of the Reptiles

Reptiles form one of the four major classes of superclass tetrapoda. There are four orders in this class, namely chelonia or testudinia (tortoises, turtles and terrapins), crocodilia (crocodiles, alligators and gavials) squamata (snakes and lizards) and the last one is rhincocephalia (only two living species of tuatara are there ). Tuataras are the rarest reptiles on the earth and they are considered to be critically endangered and carefully conserved in New Zealand.

Even though the external appearance of the tuatara looks like a lizard, they are not lizards. There are two species, Sphenodon punctuatus and Sphenodon guntheri, both of which belong to the same family sphenodontidae, which is in fact the only extant family of this order. They are considered to be the most primitive of all the reptiles. Their brain and mode of locomotion are almost similar to those of the amphibians. They are sexually dimorphic and males are larger than the females. The males are about two feet longer and females are about one and a half feet (Sphenodon punctatus). Their weights are respectively 1 kg and 500 grams. The brother island tuatara (Sphonodon guntheri) is relatively smaller, weighing over 660 g and 300 g (male and female respectively).

The difference between the lizards and tuataras lies in the structure of their skull. Their quadrate bone is fixed, like that of testudines (tortoises), but that of the lizards is movable. This difference in the skull structure is responsible for placing it in separate order. These reptiles are considered as one of the most bizarre of the reptiles, because it is believed that they haven’t changed much for many millions of years.

The lifespan of the tuataras is quite long. Their average lifespan can be compared to that of human beings, because it is quite common for them to live up to 70-80 years. There is a record of a tuatara having lived up to 111 years and it also fathered at that age! That is really an astonishing thing.

The tuataras are capable of staying active even at unusually low temperatures. Usually most of the reptiles go to hibernation when the temperature drops below 15⁰ Celsius but tuatara can be active even at temperature of up to 5⁰ Celsius.

The word ‘punctatus’ means spotted. This name was given to the main island tuatara before the second species, brother island tuatara, were discovered. These are later named as Sphenodon guntheri after the scientist who discovered them, Albert Gunther.

Big Cats or Small Cats?

Are big cats really big and are small cats really small? These two are the most important questions that come to one’s mind when he sees the words ‘big cat’ and ‘small cat’ in various books and articles. This division is not a biological division. The family ‘Felidae’, informally called the cat family, contains 37 species including the domestic cat. Among these, only seven species are considered as ‘big cats’ because of their superior size and power compared to other cats, but still two more cats, puma and cheetah, despite being quite large in size, are considered as small cats because they resemble the small cats in their body form rather than big cats. So one should remember the fact that the terms ‘big’ and ‘small’ don’t exactly refer to their body size here. No doubt that the biggest of the big cats is more than thrice heavier than the biggest of the small cats, but there are some big cats which are more than thrice smaller than the biggest of the small cats!

Now let us consider the division of the family Felidae. This family has been divided into three subfamilies, namely Pantherinae (big cats or great cats), Felinae (small cats) and Acinonynae (cheetah or hunting leopard). Earlier cheetah was also included in the subfamily felinae of small cats, but later scientists discovered that the cheetah differs significantly either from big cats or small cats, so they placed it in its own subfamily. Currently, seven species in three genera, which belong to the subfamily Pantherinae, are considered as big cats. Let us take a look at these great cats.

       1) Genus Panthera: This genus contains four species and they are the   only members of the cat family which are able to roar. So they are called ‘true big cats’ or ‘roaring cats’. A flexible hyoid bone and other morphological modifications of their larynx enable them to roar. Tiger, Lion, Jaguar and Leopard (Panther) belong to this genus. They are the supreme hunters in their habitat and undoubtedly the perfect hunting machines designed by the nature. Among them, Tiger, Lion and Leopard are old world big cats whereas Jaguar is the big cat of new world and incidentally it is the largest cat of western hemisphere and the apex predator of new world jungles. Let us learn about these great cats briefly.

a)     Tiger (Panthera tigris): This is the largest extant cat on the earth today. There are eight recognized subspecies of tiger, out of which three are extinct today. Siberian tiger or Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) is the biggest among them; full grown males reaching as much as 11 foot in length and can weigh 300 kg. the average weight is around 230 kg for males and 170 kg for the females. The largest ever recorded Siberian tiger weighed 384 kg. this is a critically endangered cat now, with only about 350-400 tigers remaining in the wild. They have thick fur and paler coats. Since the prey species are very scarce here, the density of tigers in Siberian jungles is very low compared to our Indian jungles. It is possible that only one tiger can be ruling an area as large as 500-600 sq.kms. the second largest is the Royal Bengal tiger. The average weight of these tigers is 205 kg. A tiger named Khali of Corbett national park, though not measured accurately, was estimated by its appearance to be 10 feet long and about 300-340 kg in weight. It’s common for the males to reach a weight in excess of 220 kg. Indo-china tiger or Corbett tiger, South China tiger, Sumatra tiger, Caspian tiger, Bali tiger and Java tiger are the other subspecies of tiger, out of which the last three are extinct now. recently, the Malayan tiger has been placed separately from south china tiger, making the total number of extant tiger subspecies to six.

b)    Lion (Panthera leo): Lion is the second largest extant cat. This cat is unique in having a mane, the hair that grows around the neck and face of males. This big cat exists in Asia and Africa and the African lions are slightly bigger and have denser manes than the Asian lions. Their average length ranges from 9-9.5 feet and weight ranges from 140-180 kg. some outstanding African males can reach 250 kg also. The largest lion ever seen in the wild weighed 313 kg and the largest known lion in captivity weighed 375 kg. they are the most sociable of all cats and they can bring down much larger prey due to their priding habits. In Africa, they can kill huge animals like cape buffalos, giraffes, hippopotamuses and sometimes even elephants also. In India, they are restricted to the gir reserve forest of Gujarat. Only about 400 lions are left there today. Like tigers, lions also have nine subspecies, out of which Barbary lion, the largest subspecies, is extinct now.

c)     Jaguar (Panthera onca): This robust cat looks similar to our leopard, but it is stockier and has shorter legs. The rosettes are darker than that of leopards and they have small black dots at the centre of the rosettes which the panther lacks. On an average, they weigh around 60-100 kg and enormously built males can reach 160 kg also, almost as large as a full grown tigress or lioness. It is common for the males to cross 100 kg. they have the strongest bite among cats and stand next only to hyenas among the carnivores. They bite their prey into its head and can split its skull with its powerful jaws, directly piercing the brain of the animal. They are the supreme and apex predators of Amazon rainforests. Melanism is frequently observed in jaguars. Melanistic jaguars are jet black in color, but still their rosettes are visible on closer inspection. They have the shortest tail of any big cats which is just 45-75 cm in length. The main prey of jaguars includes tapirs, peccaries, capybaras, turtles, sloths etc and sometimes even as large and powerful animals as caimans and anacondas also. Numerous subspecies of jaguars were proposed by many biologists earlier but recent studies have revealed just three subspecies.

d)    Panther (Panthera pardus): The words panther and leopard are used interchangeably to this animal. This is the most widespread member of the family, probably with the exception of domestic cat. The average weight of panthers is around 40-70 kg. some large males can reach 90 kg also. A gigantic male named Balaji in Sri Venkateshwara zoological park in Tirupathi weighed 139 kg. probably that could be the largest panther ever recorded, for it is very rare for these cats to reach 100 kg.  being smaller than other big cats, they can easily climb trees and that exceptional ability helps them to protect themselves against other carnivores like tigers and wild dogs. But despite their smaller size, they can easily drag a prey twice as heavy as itself onto the top of a tree to feed on it leisurely. They are much more intelligent, agile and cunning than their larger relatives. If a panther turns into man eater, it’s extremely hard to bring it to book. The infamous case of The man-eating leopard of Rudraprayag can be remembered here. That deadly leopard terrorized the entire north India from 1918 to 1926. The fact that it took eight long and dreadful years to hunt this leopard. The famous big game hunter Gim Corbett hunted it in 1926, ending a nightmare and trail of blood that stretched for eight years. According to the government documents, this leopard had killed and eaten 124 people in this period, but Corbett says that many of the killings that took place there were never reported and the actual number could have been twice or thrice this number. Eight subspecies have been considered to be valid today.

1)    Genus Uncia:

a) Snow leopard (Uncia uncia): This was previously called as Panthera uncia, but later it was placed in        its own genus Uncia,                       because despite having a flexible hyoid bone like other big cats, it can’t roar, because it lacks other morphological modifications that are found in the above mentioned big cats. So the scientists placed it separately from the roaring cats. However      recent molecular studies have shown that this great cat is a close relative of tiger and must be renamed as Panthera uncia. The debate is still hot. They can grow up to 5-7 feet in length, including their thickly furred tail and can weigh between 27-55 kg. Large males can reach up to 75 kg also. Even though they are smaller than the roaring cats, they are capable of killing animals much larger than themselves in size.  This species is limited to south and central Asia.

         3) Genus Neofelis:

a) Clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa): This is the smallest of the big cats. The weight range is between 12 to 23 kg. The largest males can reach the size of a leopardess or snow leopardess, with 35 kg, but it is very rare. They have the longest canine teeth of any cat. This is also the most acrobatic of any cat. It has the ability to climb the trees, hang upside down to the branches and is capable of doing many other acrobatic activities which no other cat is capable of doing.

b) Bornian clouded leopard or Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi): For long this animal was regarded the same as the mainland clouded leopard, but recently, in 2006, detailed DNA studies have revealed that it has more than 40 differences in the genes when compared to mainland clouded leopards. So they are regarded as a separate species. In size, shape, habits and appearance they are very similar to mainland clouded leopards.

So, to put it in a nutshell, all the cats belonging to the subfamily Pantherinae are big cats and all those cats belonging to the subfamily Felinae and cheetah are small cats. Puma, also called cougar or mountain lion, which looks very similar to a lioness in appearance, is the second largest cat of Americas after jaguar, but despite its much larger size, it is regarded as a small cat, because its body structure resembles the small cats rather than big cats. So it is regarded as the largest of small cats. An average puma weighs around 50-100 kg, with 136 kg being the maximum weight recorded. So the name ‘mountain lion’ is actually a misnomer for this animal. Similarly cheetah, which is almost the same size of a leopard, is also a small cat owing to its rigid hyoid bone.